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alright thank you very much so I'll

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complete the trifecta Lake lab talks

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today I'm going to be talking about

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polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons or pahs

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for short so what r PAH is there these

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things they are any combination of

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aromatic hydrocarbon rings that you can

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think of so big round p a big round PAH

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is long linear ones crazy branch chains

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any combination you can think of is a

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PAH it's a broad class of molecules and

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that's really interesting features that

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we think are very useful for

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astrophysics mainly it's this conjugated

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PI system gives it a ton of stability so

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you can ionize the heck out of it singly

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doubly triply ionize it you can add

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electrons to the system you can take

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every single hydrogen off the edge of

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this ring you can take every single

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hydrogen and give it a second one and

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they're completely stable very happy and

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will continue to just float in space

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they're also highly photo staples so

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they can withstand extremely high UV

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flux without dissociating and you can

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also do a lot of functionalization so

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you can start adding nitrogens into the

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ring it's not terribly difficult to add

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sort of carboxylic acids or ketones or

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alcohols to the edge of these things

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this is a lot of really cool chemistry

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that goes on with these but why we care

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about them for astronomy and

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astrophysics astra chemistry is these

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things you IRS this is one of the

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longest standing mysteries in astronomy

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is these set of near and mid-infrared

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bands that are seen towards a plethora

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of sources the really interesting thing

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is they have to be coming from some kind

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of SP two aromatic hydrocarbon the CH

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stretches the CC stretches all line up

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perfectly with it but the weird thing is

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they don't match up with any individual

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spectra you can't take a lab spectra of

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a molecule and go and compare it and see

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perfect match up towards most sources so

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what you have to invoke is this weird

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mix of some kind of big aromatic class

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of molecules and so the obvious answer

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is it's pahs but the problem is we've

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never identified any individual pah also

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this is infrared emission so any place

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that's cold or dusty and obscure it is

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very hard to observe so this big gap we

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can't identify any individual pages we

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can't see the size distributions it's

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very difficult to tell how functionalize

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they are and there's a lot of places we

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can't naturally look for them so it's a

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big ongoing problem in astrophysics but

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it's not just a neat problem it's a big

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problem if you

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look at em 81 this is a Hubble image

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with a Spitzer map overlaid on top of it

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and this red in the red emission here is

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all PA ages so if you work through the

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math of you I if the you IRS really are

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coming from PAH is something like twenty

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percent of all the carbon and for the

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biologists it's reduced carbon twenty

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percent of all the carbon in the

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universe has to be tied up in whatever

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is emitting these you IRS not just that

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something like ten percent of all the

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power emitted by our galaxy is mediated

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through these things so it's not just a

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cool little problem it's actually a

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really big and interesting problem in

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astronomy and the other really cool

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thing is some of the suggestions are

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that these things are synthesized in the

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stellar atmospheres of carbon stars they

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then get ejected into space they stick

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with the molecular cloud and condense

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with it all the way down to a

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protoplanetary disk and then this carbon

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gets incorporated into the planets

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meteorites comets in the planetary

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system so it's it's something like

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twenty percent of the carbon that's

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going to be accreted into the planets

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and also into meteorites and comets that

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can then bombard the planets as the

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system of all so it really is universal

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it sticks with it all the way through

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the planetary evolution system so the

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cool thing for astrobiology is if you go

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back to something Bret talked about

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which is the merchants and meteorite you

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take it and you just grind up an organic

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sample you extract the organic fraction

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and then you dissolve it in water with

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fluorescent dye what you get is a

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spontaneous formation of these vesicles

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and they actually they truly are

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vesicles they can sequester the

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fluorescent dye or they can be hollow so

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it means they're actually whole they're

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poor they're not that course they can

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actually segregate the aqueous matter

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and the really cool thing about is it's

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completely spontaneous so what this is

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is amphiphilic molecules so polar head

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and in a polar tail in the molecule are

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self-assembling together and it's just

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spontaneous it's on something that's

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being delivered to earth and it's

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completely abiotic so I think that's

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really cool and so one of the things if

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you look into murcheson one of the big

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constituents is aromatic hydrocarbons

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and things like fan also functionalized

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aromatic hydrocarbons or one of the big

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parts of this and it's not it's nothing

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like the carboxylic acids but it is

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actually a decent fraction of the

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organic matter found in murcheson

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there's a lot of organic pahs some of

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which are functionalized and in fact

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amphiphilic that are stuck in

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these things so one of the really cool

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experiments somebody did was this is

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murcheson on the right and this is a

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mixture of organic matter that came from

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a radiation of Isis what they did they

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take a nice you put pahs in the ice and

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you blast it with UV light something

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like you would find around a star and

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what you get out is functionalize pahs

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so ketones alcohols ethers things like

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that and when you dissolve them in water

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in the same same way you did with

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murcheson extract you get self-assembled

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little vesicles the really cool thing is

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now you can make something that looks a

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lot like a cell membrane so they self is

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simple and completely segregate and the

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really cool thing for biology is well if

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you look at life on Earth basically

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everything has a cell membrane it's such

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a massive evolutionary advantage that

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once you develop it you never go back it

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maintains the chemical gradients

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concentration it gives you protection

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from extreme from the external

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environment so it's such a huge

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evolutionary advantage once you make it

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you never go back and the question has

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always been when you start to make life

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on Earth how do you do it what's the

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first step and at some point you have to

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make a cell membrane the question is

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when did that happen in the process of

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making sort of a self-replicating system

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and the neat thing here is that one of

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the ways you can do this is completely

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abiotic ly you don't have to mess with

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small molecule synthesis on an early

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Earth you can directly deposit a

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self-assembling system that looks just

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like her very much like of primitive

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cell as the earth is forming so it's a

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really cool idea and pahs are probably

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one of the big contributors to doing

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this so pretty excited about it but like

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I said we've never identified a single

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pH and we'd like to know a lot more

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about what's going on with these so the

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big trick is to go and do astronomy to

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identify these and to try to identify

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individual molecules so Marco already

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kind of took you through the terahertz

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spectrum that's where we like to work

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and one of the nice things is as marco

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was explaining these big polyatomic

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vibrations are completely specific to

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the molecule that's doing it so it's not

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just the CH stretch of an aromatic

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species of some kind now it's the

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vibration of a specific PAH so we'd like

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to go and do observations of these

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things and our favorite Observatory is

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Sofia in fact

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I think really cool it's a 747 short

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with a three meter dish that they

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actually just open up the door

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mid-flight to do spectroscopy above the

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earth's water and actually see into the

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far infrared but the trick is we need

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spectra of these molecules to compare to

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if we actually want to find these things

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at space all right so how do we do it

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well some of you may be pretty familiar

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with this this is just an ex rd pellet

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press we take our sample we grind it up

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and then we press it with just

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polyethylene powder it's very

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transparent the terahertz and we make a

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little pup like this with sample

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embedded in it and the idea is hopefully

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to get some kind of temperature

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dependent spectra out and so then this

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is one other thing that's really cool in

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our lab the way we make our light one of

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the few good ways of getting into the

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terahertz is we actually take an

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ultra-fast laser about 60 gigawatts of

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peak power we focus it down to a point

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and we make a small little plasma

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filament in the lab so we get this tiny

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little plasma filament we ionize it's so

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completely we take all the electrons off

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and we get this mold plasma that throws

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off this beautiful rainbow of color and

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it also gives off a very short very

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broad band so about eight terahertz wide

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pulse of terror I pulse of terahertz

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light so actually we have to lock the

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rainbow it's kind of sad but it's not

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useful for our spectroscopy so what we

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pay we get this plasma we set our sample

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in the way and then we get a short

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terahertz pulse out now this is in time

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domain so not frequency domain and it's

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it's only a few picoseconds wide but it

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covers our entire bandwidth at once so

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this would be like doing your entire

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spectra you're taking your entire

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spectra at once we pass it through the

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sample it gets somewhat absorbed and we

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detected and then we just take the

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Fourier transform of that and we have

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our spectra so we do sample reference

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and then we take the ratio between those

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and we get a nice absorption spectra so

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to start off with what we wanted to do

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was start fairly simple at two three and

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four membered PAH no functionalization

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nothing crazy just three simple systems

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to test this out there all crystalline

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polyethylene substrate and as Marcos

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explaining the subtle shifts in the

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spectra

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by temperature variations and if we

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actually really want to get the

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spectroscopy right and identify these

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things well in space we need to do this

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at a lot of temperatures so what we do

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is we place the samples in a cold head

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and just tune the temperature and take

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spectra at each individual temperature

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so we went and did this so first this is

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our spectra for Nath naphthalene so this

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right here is actually a polyethylene

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resonance we can't get rid of it's a

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little on well we can't get rid of it

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but for this run it was actually kind of

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rough so going back to the question that

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was asked earlier if you want to do

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theory on these things simple harmonic

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vibrational frequency calculations you'd

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think oh maybe I can sort of work out

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what some of the vibrations are identify

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what we should see in the spectra ahead

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of time but it turns out if you do that

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calculation what you get are two modes

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right here and right here one of which

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we might see but there's I should say

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actually this is transmittance not

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absorption and it got cut off so my peak

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point down not up like Marcos did so we

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have strong absorption here here and

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here that are completely missed by

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theory but this is actually nice because

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we get several very strong absorption

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features so going down to zero is

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basically completely opaque so several

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strong unique absorption features for

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Natalie moving on to anthro scene same

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thing we got two very nice strong

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absorption features and maybe one more

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over here ah Siri says we should have

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three this one may just be a sensitivity

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issue with our instrument but these two

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may actually be the same two it's just

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that they're so an harmonic the theory

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gets it very very wrong and then for

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hiring this is what we got we were

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really excited because we got a ton of

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absorption features all the way across

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our spectre that are completely

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different from any of the other PAH as

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we studied and if you ask what the two

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Theory theory says we should get too so

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there's a lot of features going on here

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that we didn't expect to see we're very

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excited about so that's it that we have

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our spectra so I sort of take home

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messages for this are well the pH vector

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are unique and they're very promising

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crystalyn samples are pretty useful and

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the big thing is simple have an issue

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it's okay but it's pretty it's a

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guidepost at best for what you're going

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to see

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and so actually going forward we

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actually have applied for time with

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Sophia to go look for the so do

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preliminary proof-of-concept

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observations to see if this can be done

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at all and then obviously we want to

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move the lab spectra on to more

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interesting species so bigger PA ages

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that are more relevant for astrophysics

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and more functionalized systems things

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with o-h bonds nitrogen inserted into

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the ring to start building up a library

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of more diverse PHS that we expect to

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see in space alright with that I'd like

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to thank my group our funding agencies

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and you for your attention questions for

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Brandon gotcha so I'm just curious what

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do you know what those abiotic membranes

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are actually composed with its a mix of

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things so that's actually the big

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suggestion isn't that they're just pah

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is there's a mix of fatty at there are

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some short chain fatty acids that are in

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there so actually the big suggestion is

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that maybe the fatty acids are doing a

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lot of the heavy lifting in terms of

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self-assembly but you incorporate

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functionalized PHS because they're there

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in reasonable abundance and it might

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actually look something like what

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cholesterol looks like in a cell

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membrane now and that if you start

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inserting that you can do this

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experiment if you insert them into the

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cell membrane you actually mess with the

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porosity quite a bit so it actually my

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tunic pretty well to act as a very

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primitive cell membrane one more really